Taking a Look at Behaviourism - 635 Words

What is Behaviourism: learning is the the acquisition of new behaviour based on environmental conditions linking a new behaviour to the to a stimulus by providing reinforcement after the correct behaviour is produced. Principles -based on the principles of stimulus and response -behaviour is caused by external stimuli which is also called operant conditioning -takes learner as passive recipient -learning is a based on â€Å"cause and effect†( Duchenese). -external stimuli creates response from learner which becomes a behaviour with time. Main Proponents: Ivan Petrovich Pavlov,E.L.Thorndike, B.F.Skinner and Watson Examples: The ringing of the school bell stimulates the responses of children as to go back to the class and recess time The teacher can reward a child, who is on toilet training, with a sticker or stamp to reinforce positive behaviour. What is Constructivism: learners construct knowledge for themselves Principles of constructivism: Learning is defined as the acquisition of new information which can be recalled later Role of teacher as a helper to construct knowledge by proving different tools Learner as an active participant rather than passive recipient of knowledge Gives importance to native language as a tool in learning process LearningShow MoreRelatedDifferent Perspectives And The Key Debates Within Psychology Essay1744 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will aim to describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach while referring to other perspectives and the key debates within psychology. Behaviourism believes that human behaviour can be explained in terms of conditioning, without the need to consider thoughts or feelings (Cardwell Flanagan, 2015). The Behaviourist approach has a number of assumptions such as it emphasises that psychology needs to be scientific, to do this you must only study observable and measurable behaviour whileRead MoreAn Inside Look at Sports Psychology1715 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses while participating in sport (Robert Weinberg, 2010.). Academic sports psychology looks at the factors that affect participation and performance in sport. Areas that are covered in the academic research and theory are the person’s personality, attitudes, anxiety, stress and motivation (class notes, 2014). After carefully analysing the five forces of sports psychology (psychodynamic, behaviourism, cognition, humanist and Nero linguistic processing) the athlete or coach will be given additionalRead MoreThe Psychoanalytical Theory Of Psychology1567 Words   |  7 PagesAnother weakness is that his theories explain behaviour post-hoc. JB Watson strongly disagreed with Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory and argued that psychology had to stop using introspection to explain emotion and behaviour. The school of Behaviourism was then founded. Behaviourists believed that if psychology was to be scientific then it must only deal with behaviours that can be seen and measured. JB Watson’s main ideas included the idea of the ‘blank state’. By this he thought that when weRead MorePsychological Perspectives On Mental Health Disorders1728 Words   |  7 Pageshealth. Psychological perspectives are the different ways in which psychologists look at individual’s behaviours, thoughts and feelings. Although some of the psychological perspectives are very different while others are similar and seem to overlap, it is important to note that there isn’t simply one correct perspective and that each of the perspectives has their strengths and weaknesses. In this essay I am going to look into the different psychological perspectives and how they offer us an understandingRead MoreHow Does Neuroscience Look at Behaviour?1551 Words   |  6 Pagespeople behave the way they do (Grieve et al., 2005). Different theories have different perspectives on looking at behaviour, generally known as approaches. This essay will be looking at the following: approaches of neuroscience, psychodynamics, behaviourism, and cognition. To compare the different perspectives of which psychologists use to examine behaviour as well as mental processes. Neuroscience Neuropsychology comes from two disciplines the one being from neurology has to do with the brain andRead MorePsychology : A Theory Of Hierarchy Needs1237 Words   |  5 Pagesa person is behaving is it to look at the reason behind the action and its consequences. Sigmund Freud believed that our thoughts explained by the way we behave. Wilhelm Wundt believed the consciousness mind could be broken down or even reduced to the basic elements. In 1943, Abraham Maslow created a theory called, â€Å"A theory of Hierarchy needs.† Which tells us what humans are motivated by and what they need. 2. Cognitive psychologists look at how we think, it looks at things such as brain activityRead MoreComparison Of Two Psychological Perspectives, Cognitive And Behaviorism1377 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will attempt to make a analytical comparison between two psychological perspectives, cognitive and behaviourism on what they believe about their approach to learning and also explain what the theories of two psychologist that are associated with both perspectives, highlighting the similarities and differences. AC 1.1, 1.2, Behaviourists believe that learning is a change in behaviour, when the learner is born the mind is tabula rasa (a clean slate) and behaviour is shaped by positiveRead MorePsychological Perspectives Of Human Behavior1542 Words   |  7 Pagescriticised and compared to one another. A brief description on psychology will occur, and there will also be a short summarisation on some key early influences of psychology, from its origins in philosophy. Psychology is a scientific application of behaviourism. It evolved from three key areas of research, philosophy, biology and physics. In 1879 a man named Wilhelm Wundt created the first laboratory with the sole purpose of researching psychological matters, during this time psychology as a self-consciousRead MorePsychology Is The Scientific Study Of The Human Mind And Its Behaviors1625 Words   |  7 Pagesmemory rather than taking notes causing the information to be unreliable. Also, the therapies discussed in the approach are untestable and are therefore non-scientific. Freud’s development of the psychoanalytic approach lead to the establishment of the behaviourist approach which was formed by John Watson in 1913. The Behaviourist approach focuses on the role of learning and based on the approach environmental factors i.e. stimuli affect and shape an individual’s behaviour. Behaviourism suggests thatRead MoreBehaviourists Explain Maladaptive Behaviour in Terms of the Learning Principles That Sustain and Maintain It. Discuss This Statement and Show How a Behaviourists Approach Is in Stark Contrast to a Psychoanalytic One.2198 Words   |  9 Pagesand maintain it. Discuss this statement and show how a behaviourists approach to therapy is in stark contrast to a psychoanalytic one†. Behaviourism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behaviour and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behaviour. Behaviourists are

Government Surveillance vs Privacy Essay - 1526 Words

The 21st century has brought with it a myriad of technological advancements all designed to make the lives of the developed world much easier, faster, and more fun. These new technologies are not coming without their own set of costs, though. One of the greatest prices people may be paying for their technology is the high cost of the loss of privacy that may come with many of these devices. Jim Hightower, an author for Creators.com is very worried about what the new technological age will mean for privacy. In his article, â€Å"Watch Out -- the Drones Are Coming Home to Roost† (http://www.creators.com/opinion/jim-hightower/watch-out-the-drones-are-coming-home-to-roost.html) Jim Hightower proclaims the dangers that an increased†¦show more content†¦Hightower comments that with these drones, â€Å"We are on a fast track to becoming a society under routine, pervasive surveillance.† According to Hightower, these drones are becoming part of a much larger, more insi dious plot to delve into the privacy of American citizens. This synecdoche much more greatly increases the impact that drones would have on the lives of American citizens. Instead of surveillance stopping with drones, this synecdoche paints the picture of a much greater plot. Both the earlier metaphor and this synecdoche both help to further Hightower’s underlying message that the American people should not passively accept having domestic drones cruise the American skies. The main stasis that Hightower is arguing from is one relative to the quality or value of having the drones themselves. He is in agreement that drones do exist and he even offers his own definition of drones as â€Å"Cheap, small, noiseless and practically invisible† devices that are able to â€Å"take snooping to a whole new level.† Though he understands they exist and even offers a definition of what they are, Hightower is claiming that they are not good for the future society in America. The rest of the article is dedicated to proving why they need to be abolished, and he even links to a website (www.epic.org – the electronic privacy information center) as a place the reader shouldShow MoreRelatedEssay Government Surveillance vs Privacy1442 Words   |  6 PagesIs the American government trustworthy? Edward Joseph Snowden (2013) released to the United States press* selected information about the surveillance of ordinary citizens by the U.S.A. ’s National Security Agency (N.S.A.), and its interconnection to phone and social media companies. The motion picture Citizenfour (2014), shows the original taping of those revelations. Snowden said that some people do nothing about this tracking because they have nothing to hide. He claims that this inverts the modelRead MoreProtection Vs. Privacy : The Government s Use Of Surveillance1252 Words   |  6 PagesProtection vs. Privacy: The Government’s Use of Surveillance Since the industrial revolution, society has continued to grow larger, and more interconnected than ever before. Aiding in this process has been the advancement of technology and ideas. With the extensive advancement of technology, an equally sizable debate on its ethical implications has developed. In recent years an ethical dilemma has arose pertaining to the use of government surveillance. While the increased surveillance of citizensRead More Government Surveillance vs Personal Privacy Essay3689 Words   |  15 Pages Today, individuals are sacrificing privacy in order to feel safe. These sacrifices have made a significant impact on the current meaning of privacy, but may have greater consequences in the future. According to Debbie Kasper in her journal, â€Å"The Evolution (Or Devolution) of Privacy,† privacy is a struggling dilemma in America. Kasper asks, â€Å"If it is gone, when did it disappear, and why?†(Kasper 69). Our past generation has experienc ed the baby boom, and the world today is witnessing a technologicalRead MoreGovernment Surveillance: Protection vs. Privacy Essay examples1963 Words   |  8 Pages North American Treaty Organization, the three duties of a government are, to Protect, Preserve, and Provide for the nation that it governs. However it is not all so simple, in order to protect the country, it has to be on guard, watching for threats and dealing with them accordingly. In my reading of the following texts my ideas concerning governments using their power to fulfill their duty to protect while also maintaining the privacy of the people. Waiting for the Barbarians, written by J.M. CoetzeeRead MoreThe Great Debate : Privacy Vs National Security1055 Words   |  5 PagesMichael Haggerty Mrs. Gallos English III Honors 18 April 2016 The Great Debate: Privacy vs National Security In the digital age, the citizens of the United States are torn between which they value more: privacy or national security. On one hand, the people need to be safe from cyber attacks and terrorism, while on the other, the government should be aware of the privacy of the people it governs. The government should not go so far in protecting the country that it interferes with the personal livesRead MoreEssay about Privacy and the American Government1435 Words   |  6 Pagestrapped by the government. They believe that the government is spying on them just to do so and that there is absolutely no reason for it. However this is wrong because the government has several reasons to spy on us Americans. Even though this may seem outrageous, it is needed and there are ways the United States’ citizens have privacy. With all of these false accusations it is simple to see why people would be supportive of our right to privacy. On the other hand, the government eavesdropping onRead MoreP ublic Security Vs. Privacy1288 Words   |  6 Pageswith Surveillance state, Big Brother, doublespeak and thoughtcrimes. Today, many people believe that the book Nineteen Eighty-Four has already become a prophecy in the United States because they are being surrounded by numerous cameras. Although January Mughal in her article â€Å"National Security Vs. Privacy In The Modern Age†(2016), insisted that surveillance is necessary to maintain the security of United States, but it is doubtful based on many research because the uses of government surveillanceRead MoreThe Importance Of Personal Information And How People Feel About It1613 Words   |  7 Pagesthefts use others’ credit cards to cause personal financial loss. It is important to have control and protect personal informations Consumer Privacy Protection Act of 2015 was to protect privacy and sensitive personal information against security breaches, frauds, and misuse of personal information. (Congress 2015). This act ensures the protection of privacy from other individuals so that people have control of their own informations. For many tech companies that offer online services, people haveRead MoreWhat Violates The Fourth Amendment?1194 Words   |  5 Pagespolice action. The case of United States vs. Jacobsen states that â€Å"A seizure of property occurs when the government meaningfully interferes with a person’s possessory interest.† With this great debate in effect, a theory was introduced called the â€Å"mosaic theory†. This theory states that searches can be evaluated as a common sequence of steps rather than as individual searches. Police actions are evaluated over time as a collective mosaic of surveillance. This can count as a common Fourth AmendmentRead MorePrivacy Is A Vulnerable Condition At The Present Time Essay1248 Words   |  5 PagesThere is no doubt that out of all history, privacy is at its most vulnerable condition at the present time. Ironically, to secure the whole, individual safety is becoming harmed. The government and businesses are infringing individual privacy in order to protect their society. In effect, balancing between privacy and security has continuously been one of twenty-first century’s biggest controversial issues and everyone has their own views about where to value more. Throughout the essay, using various

Identification of A the Specified Name and A Specific Symbol

Question: Deference between Brand Loyalty Versus Customer Loyalty? Answer: Intrroducation: The brand loyalty regarding the pattern of the purchase has been observed for a product of highly differentiated category. Identification of a specified name and a specific symbol which help in distinguishing the product with the unique specification that it have form the other competitors is termed as branding. The objective of the marketer is creating a brand loyalty that will help them to gain sustainable advantages in the field of competitive market. In recent time band loyalty is becoming one of the most emerging concepts for gaining the competitive edge where there are numerous similar products in the market. Brand loyalty thus helps in achieving the generation of high level market for getting the maximum competitive advantages from the companies who are in the same business (Laroche, Habibi Richard, 2013). Numerous companies concentrated on creating the brand loyalty and according to that formulated the strategies of marketing. It is seen that when the price started to increa se it has an effect on the brand loyalty and when it is decreasing the brand loyalty starts increasing. On the other hand promotional sales in order to increase the customer loyalty are also an important factor of the marketing. Offering discounts and offers to the customers are generally termed as Customer loyalty (Zakaria et al., 2014). The essay is about the brand loyalty competing with the discount offers. The thesis statement can be formulated as the customer loyalty having an impact on the brand loyalty. The main ideas that the essay will contain how brand loyalty is receiving an heavy competition from the discounts and offering, factors affecting the brand loyalty, the way of establishing the brand loyalty in a market obsessed with discount. The main difference between brand loyalty and customer loyalty is brand loyalty is what the customers have in their mind and customer loyalty is what the customers have in their wallet. Customer loyalty programs helps in having smaller margin of gain but the sell took place at a high volume due to the factors of discounts and offerings where as brand loyalty is all about having higher margins of profits but volume of sell will be less. Brand loyalty above all this has the capability of achieving high volumes and having added bonus of margins. The value of the money is increasing day by day. Therefore customer loyalty which is giving offer and discounts to the customer will be getting more and more customers and the brand loyalty will face the danger. It is seen that customers are tending more towards the customer loyalty than the brand loyalty in retailing or grocery stores (Orel Kara, 2014). The investigation done against the thesis statement shows that promotion plays a significant influence against the brand loyalty. The sales promotion has become significant intruder in the environment of business. The company is allocating a major part of their budget in sales and promotion. Companies are now focusing on the short term sale for gaining profit and brand loyalty cannot be attends with the help of short term sale. The marketing managers are formulating new strategies regarding customer loyalty like loyalty cards, discounts line buy one get one and discounts on products which attracted the customers than that of brand. The customers are getting attracted due to the appealing price of the product and thus are not staying loyal with their brands. For instance, the customer who is the prime users of Lee apparel is tending to make a change towards the discounted products. However this transformation also depends on the economic structure of the company (Jeong, Cha Jang, 2016). The reason for this is as the price of the branded products is much more therefore if the country is not that developed economically the customers will tend towards the discounted products. In number of research is seen that customer loyalty that is providing promotion and discounts for getting hold of the market which shows that customers are deviating from their brands. Companies are achieving the process of sales promotion for achieving their sales equipped with excellent loyalty to the customers. It is also seen that sales promotion is becoming the decision making process for the customers in order to select their brands. T his shows that the factors of price are becoming significant in the decision of purchase (Rubino, Oubina Villasenor, 2014). This is enough to describe that customers are no longer loyal to their brand when it comes to the field of customer loyalty. In the recent times it is seen that e-commerce is also playing a significant role in having an adverse effect for the brand loyalty. The e-commerce site like Amazon and Flipkart are taking the maximum base of the customers. Customers are receiving the Customer loyalty facility by having large discounts on the products and more over they dont have to visit the outlets for buying the products. Therefore this e-commerce site is also taking the customers who were loyal to their brand. It can be said that customer loyalty is having a great effect on brand loyalty (Machado, Cant Seaborne, 2014). The factors affecting brand loyalty are the product quality, price, advertising and quality of service. If the quality of the product satisfies the requirement of the customers then that product will certainly attain brand loyalty. The product is stated to be fit for use. The customers mainly tends to get divert from a certain brand is due to the quality of the product. The customers who are loyal to their brand generally tend to pay higher price for their brand and the price factor does not matter to them (Severi Ling, 2013). Advertising plays a significant role in achieving the brand loyalty. The more the promotion is done for the product through advertising the indirect communication with the customers becomes significant. Advertising also helps the customer to develop the idea that the product is distinguishable. Therefore, proper advertising of the product helps the band switcher and the inconsistent customer in becoming loyal to their brand. The quality of service also signifi cantly affects the brand loyalty. The service quality provided by brand to the customers ensures the customers that the product they are buying from a particular brand store will provide them the service in future. Trust as well as good relationship in between the customers and the brand representatives also increases the brand loyalty of the customers (Kim, Park Kim, 2014). But there is an exceptional case where we can exhibit that this company has still maintained the brand loyalty of the customers in the blooming market of customer loyalty. The name of the company is Apple and the threats like discounts; offer has not still affected the brand loyalty. Therefore in other terms it may be said that if the establishment of brand loyalty and maintaining it, is done in an excellent way then it may not affect in any circumstances. The first thing that the multinational company did in order to build the brand loyalty is they build the good relationship with their customers. The customer felt that the brand is trustworthy as well as transparent. The relationship built with the customer is by embracing internet and social media. They started communicating with their people directly on twitter (Mourad Youssef, 2016). Therefore they built a good relationship with the customers and that help them when they were first introduced in the market. Secondly the vital w ay of continuing brand loyalty is adapting the approach of movement marketing. The customer should not be said about what the company makes but instead they should be informed on what the company believes. This touches the nerve of the target market and once this is achieved it can be said that the brand is established and brand loyalty could be obtained. For example Apple statement of mission states Apple is committed to bringing the best personal computing experience to students, educators, creative professionals and consumers around the world through its innovative hardware, software and Internet offerings (Singh Uncles, 2016). This particular mission statement helps apple to gain the brand loyalty as brand loyalty comes within from the customers. Customers could not be fooled and their brand loyalty could not be achieved. Apart from this example there are few companies which are running on the brand loyalty. Every company is now introduced the customer loyalty program in order to obtain the sustainable advantages in competitive market. But from my point of view there should be mix and match for both customer as well as brand loyalty in the market. Sometimes customer loyalty should be given value in some seasons and sometimes the company should run on brand loyalty. Then there will be existing fair competition in the market. Reference List Jeong, M. S., Cha, J. E., Jang, D. H. (2016). Impact of the Service Quality of Horseback Riding Experience on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty-In Case of Jangsu Horse Riding Experience Course.Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning,22(2), 131-140. Kim, K., Park, J., Kim, J. (2014). Consumerbrand relationship quality: When and how it helps brand extensions.Journal of Business Research,67(4), 591-597. Laroche, M., Habibi, M. R., Richard, M. O. (2013). To be or not to be in social media: How brand loyalty is affected by social media?.International Journal of Information Management,33(1), 76-82. Machado, R., Cant, M. C., Seaborne, H. (2014). Experiential marketing on brand advocacy: a mixed-method approach on global apple product users.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),13(5), 955. Mourad, M., Youssef, K. (2016). Brands Loyalty: Empirical Evidence from the Emerging Egyptian Mobile Industry.International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management (IJCRMM),7(4), 40-57. Orel, F. D., Kara, A. (2014). Supermarket self-checkout service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty: Empirical evidence from an emerging market.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,21(2), 118-129. Rubio, N., Oubia, J., Villaseor, N. (2014). Brand awarenessBrand quality inference and consumers risk perception in store brands of food products.Food quality and preference,32, 289-298. Severi, E., Ling, K. C. (2013). The mediating effects of brand association, brand loyalty, brand image and perceived quality on brand equity.Asian Social Science,9(3), 125. Singh, J., Uncles, M. (2016). Measuring the market performance of brands.The Routledge Companion to Contemporary Brand Management, 13. Zakaria, I., Rahman, B. A., Othman, A. K., Yunus, N. A. M., Dzulkipli, M. R., Osman, M. A. F. (2014). The relationship between loyalty program, customer satisfaction and customer loyalty in retail industry: A case study.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,129, 23-30.

William Shakespeare Life Essays (280 words) - Kings Men,

William Shakespeare Life William Shakespeare's parents' names were John Shakespeare, and Mary Shakespeare. There is no accurate birth date known yet. William Shakespeare began school at the age 7, in Stratford, his hometown. At the age 13, William began working with his father in the gloving business. When Shakespeare was young, he saw plays himself, that made him decide he wanted to be an author when he was older. Shakespeare wrote poems and plays. Shakespeare based his writings on his feelings, and things he thought would be great to use. Shakespeare's family was made of farmers, and they sold their products to make a living. William had two sisters, Joan and Margaret. Joan died in 1562; Margaret died at infancy. Then in 1566 a new baby brother named Gilbert was born. In 1569 a second Joan was born; Anne came in 1571. She died when she was eight year's old. Richard was born in 1574. The last child came in 1580. His name was Edmund. William Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway when he was18. Anne was 8 years away from being the same age. They were married on November 27, 1582. Anne gave birth only 6 months after they were married. Shakespeare's first child was named Susanna, born in May 1583. Next he had twins named Hamnet and Judith born in January 1585. There was no William Shakespeare during the years 1585 and 1592. Those were known as the lost years. Nobody knew what happened in his life during that time. Some people think that he was living in London serving as an apprentice during those years. Other people think that he wrote under a fake name. Shakespeare wrote 37 plays. The plays were separated into three basic categories: comedy, tragedy, and history. Nobody knows what play was his last.